Prophet, from a Tree of Jesse

Carved and originally polychromed. The reverse is partly flat, with a section semi-finished.

The upper section of the banderole and the left hand are missing. The polychromy has been removed with a caustic, some traces are still discernible in areas.

…; from the collection A.P. Hermans-Smits (1822-1897), Eindhoven, with numerous other objects (BK-NM-2001 to -2800), fl. 14,000 for all, to the Nederlandsch Museum voor Geschiedenis en Kunst, The Hague, 1875; transferred to the museum, 1885; on loan to the Noordbrabants Museum, Den Bosch, 1974-2017

ObjectNumber: BK-NM-2475

These two prophets (for the other prophet, see BK-NM-2477) originally belonged to a Tree of Jesse in an Antwerp retable. This genealogical representation is a fairly literal visualization of the prophecy of Isaiah (2:1): ‘And there shall come forth a rod out of the stem of Jesse, and a Branch shall grow out of his roots’. Seated on his throne, the slumbering figure of Jesse is surrounded by several prophets (typically four). Growing from his breast is a trunk that splits into various branches. Sitting on each of the branches are the kings of Israel, Christ’s forebears, including King David with his harp. Seated on the highest branch is the enthroned figure of the Virgin with the Christ Child. In the late Middle Ages, emphasis was increasingly placed on the role of the Holy Virgin (virgo) in her son’s redemption work, with descriptions often referring to her as the most beautiful blossom or twig (virga) on Jesse’s family tree.

The Tree of Jesse is a regular theme in Antwerp retables starting from the early sixteenth century on.¹¹L.F. Jacobs, Early Netherlandish Carved Altarpieces 1380-1550: Medieval Mass Marketing, Cambridge 1998, pp. 43-46. Figures of Jesse in Passion altars generally appear in the bottom register of the middle compartment,²²For example, the Antwerp Passion retables of Zukowo (Poland) and Västerlofsta (Sweden), see H. Nieuwdorp (ed.), Antwerp Altarpieces 15th-16th centuries, 2 vols., exh. cat. Antwerp (Onze-Lieve-Vrouwekathedraal) 1993, vol. 1, no. 10 and fig. 11a. accompanied by prophets. Emerging from his chest is the trunk of the tree, from which the branches rise up via the concave frames that flank the scene of the Crucifixion in the central bay. On Marian retables, however, the slumbering Jesse and the prophets are sometimes located in the central section of the altarpiece.³³For example the Antwerp Marian retables in Västerås and Bocholt, see KIK-IRPA, object nos. 40000667 and 53414; H. Nieuwdorp (ed.), Antwerp Altarpieces 15th-16th centuries, 2 vols., exh. cat. Antwerp (Onze-Lieve-Vrouwekathedraal) 1993, vol. 1, nos. 8 and 12. Preserved in the Rijksmuseum collection is a second pair of prophets originating from another Antwerp retable (BK-NM-11395-A and -B).

Woodcarvers freely indulged their fantasy when it came to depicting the exotic, often Asian-inspired appearance of these prophet figures alongside Jesse, often resulting in grotesque or even humorous exaggerations.⁴⁴Four of the most exquisite and largest Antwerp examples are preserved at the Museum Schnütgen (Cologne), inv. nos. A.870 to A.873, see H. Nieuwdorp (ed.), Antwerp Altarpieces 15th-16th centuries, 2 vols., exh. cat. Antwerp (Onze-Lieve-Vrouwekathedraal) 1993, vol 1, no. 34. As was customary, their accompanying banderoles carried inscriptions regarding the predictions they made regarding Christ’s and the Virgin’s role in the redemption of mankind. In the case of the present figures, of which the right-hand prophet (BK-NM-2477) bears the quality mark of the Antwerp hand, almost all of the polychromy has been lost, including the inscriptions on the banderoles. The figures’ clothing and poses of the figures, but also their overall style, point to a work produced around 1515-25. Leeuwenberg also noted the overtly jutting chin of the present prophet, a facial characteristic commonly adopted in these years and occurring, for example, in the graphic work of Lucas van Leyden (1494-1533) and on a Pharisee in a contemporaneous Antwerp retable group, also held in the Rijksmuseum (BK-NM-2476).⁵⁵J. Leeuwenberg with the assistance of W. Halsema-Kubes, Beeldhouwkunst in het Rijksmuseum, coll. cat. Amsterdam 1973, p. 139. Preserved at the Bode-Museum (Berlin) is a Cardinal, likewise branded with the Antwerp hand, that has a head and jutting chin very comparable to that of the above-cited prophet.⁶⁶T. Demmler, Die Bildwerke in Holz, Stein und Ton, Grossplastik (Deutsche Skulpturen des Deutschen Museum, 3), coll. cat. Berlin (Staatliche Museen zu Berlin) 1930, no. 8102. This figure also shares the same triangular garment folds below the waist as those on the right-hand Amsterdam prophet.

Bieke van der Mark, 2024

J. Leeuwenberg with the assistance of W. Halsema-Kubes, Beeldhouwkunst in het Rijksmuseum, coll. cat. Amsterdam 1973, no. 153, with earlier literature

B. van der Mark, 2024, 'anonymous, Prophet, from a Tree of Jesse, Antwerp, c. 1515 - c. 1525', in F. Scholten and B. van der Mark (eds.), European Sculpture in the Rijksmuseum, online coll. cat. Amsterdam: hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.24431